Biological Diversity Definition Treaty
The 15th Meeting of the Parties is scheduled to take place in Kunming, China, in the second quarter of 2021. [52] It is expected that the meeting “will adopt a global biodiversity framework for the post-2020 period as a springboard for the 2050 vision of `living in harmony with nature`.” [53] Although the Convention explicitly states that all life forms are covered by its provisions[26], a review of the reports and national biodiversity strategies and action plans submitted by participating countries shows that this is not the case in practice. The European Union`s fifth report, for example, often refers to animals (especially fish) and plants, but makes no mention of bacteria, fungi or protists. [27] The International Society for Fungal Conservation has evaluated more than 100 of these CBD documents based on their mushroom coverage against defined criteria in order to classify them into one of six categories. No document was deemed good or sufficient, less than 10% as close to sufficient or bad, and the rest as deficient, severely deficient or completely deficient. [28] The objective of this Convention is to ensure the conservation of biodiversity in order to facilitate the sustainable use of its resources. The CBD expands the classical view of conservation by including the conservation of genetic diversity and linking ecosystems to ecological networks. The CBD has been criticized for saying that the convention has been weakened in its implementation due to the resistance of Western countries to the implementation of the convention`s pro-south provisions. [23] CBD is also seen as a case of a hard contract that has softened in the implementation curve. [24] The argument for the application of the treaty as a legally binding multilateral instrument, with the Conference of the Parties examining offences and offences, is also gaining strength. [25] The Convention reminds decision-makers that natural resources are not infinite and establishes a philosophy of sustainable use. While previous conservation efforts have been aimed at protecting certain species and habitats, the Convention recognizes that ecosystems, species and genes must be used for human purposes.
However, this should be done in a way and at a pace that does not lead to a long-term decline in biodiversity. The Convention calls for the conservation of genetic resources through the conservation of fragile ecosystems, the rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems and the adoption of laws to protect endangered plant and animal species. In addition, the Treaty calls for financial support from developing countries so that they can afford programmes for the conservation of their biological resources. The Conference of the Parties, the governing body of the Convention, has established thematic programmes setting out objectives and strategies for the conservation of genetic resources in each of the different types of ecosystems: marine and coastal areas, inland waterways, forests, mountainous areas, agricultural areas and dry and sub-humid areas. National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSPs) are the main instruments for implementing the Convention at the national level. The Convention requires countries to develop a national biodiversity strategy and to ensure that this strategy is integrated into the planning of activities in all sectors where diversity may be affected. As of early 2012, 173 parties had developed NHPs. [9] The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Equitable and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity was adopted on 29 October 2010 in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, at the tenth session of the Conference of the Parties[17] and entered into force on 12 October 2014. [18] The Protocol is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity and provides a transparent legal framework for the effective implementation of one of the three biodiversity objectives: the equitable and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources. It thus contributes to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. [17] [19] The governing body of the Convention is the Conference of the Parties (COP), which is composed of all governments (and regional economic integration organizations) that have ratified the Treaty.
This supreme authority reviews progress under the Convention, identifies new priorities and establishes work plans for members. The Conference of the Parties may also make amendments to the Convention, establish expert advisory groups, review progress reports of member States and cooperate with other international organizations and agreements. From 6 to 17 October 2014, Parties discussed the implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets, which are to be achieved by the end of this decade. The results of Global Biodiversity Outlook 4, the CBD`s flagship assessment report, fueled the discussions. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity is an international treaty governing the movement of living modified organisms (LMOs) of modern biotechnology from one country to another. It was adopted as an additional agreement to the CBD on 29 January 2000 and entered into force on 11 September 2003. At the end of the meeting, the meeting adopted the “Pyeongchang Roadmap”, which addresses ways to achieve biodiversity through technology cooperation, financing and capacity-building of developing countries. [48] Following its 30th ratification in September 1993, the Treaty on Biological Diversity entered into force on December 29, 1993. One hundred and sixty-seven countries have signed the treaty since it opened for signature at UNCED.
A United Nations press release lists the countries that ratified the treaty in December 1993. The full text of the Biodiversity Treaty is also available here. A brief history of the Convention on Biological Diversity is presented in the Earth Negotiations Bulletin (Bernstein et al., 1993). The Halpern Guide (1993) on UNCED and its documentation lists the documents prepared during the negotiations on the terms of the treaty and provides a summary of the negotiations. In the IUCN document “The Biodiversity Convention Since UNCED”, McNeely (1993) examines the unresolved problems of the Treaty, the activities undertaken since its signature and the measures necessary for its implementation. Scientists working with biodiversity and medical research are concerned that the Nagoya Protocol is counterproductive and will hamper disease prevention and conservation efforts[29], and that the threat of scientists` incarceration will have a chilling effect on research. [30] Researchers and non-commercial institutions such as natural history museums are concerned that maintaining biological reference collections and sharing material between institutions will become difficult[31], and medical researchers have expressed concern about plans to expand the protocol to make it illegal to publicly share genetic information, e.B. . .
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